Ralph Tyler Model: Four basic Principles
1. Purpose of School
2. Educational experiences related to the purpose
3. Organization of the experiences
4. Evaluation of the experiences
Hilda Taba “grassroots approach”
1. Diagnosis of learners needs and expectations of the larger society
2. Formulation of learning objectives
3. Selection of learning content
4. Organization of learning content
5. Selection of learning experiences
6. Organization of learning activities
7. Determination of what to evaluate and the means of doing it.
Backward Design:
Stage 1: Identify desired outcomes and results.
Stage 2: Determine what constitutes acceptable evidence of competency in the
outcomes and results (assessment).
Stage 3: Plan instructional strategies and learning experiences that bring
students to these competency levels.
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